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D Abstract Functions

d 

import std.stdio; 
import std.string; 
import std.datetime; 
 
abstract class Person { 
   int birthYear, birthDay, birthMonth; 
   string name; 
   
   int getAge() { 
      SysTime sysTime = Clock.currTime(); 
      return sysTime.year - birthYear; 
   } 
   abstract void print(); 
}
class Employee : Person { 
   int empID;  
   
   override void print() { 
      writeln("The employee details are as follows:"); 
      writeln("Emp ID: ", this.empID); 
      writeln("Emp Name: ", this.name); 
      writeln("Age: ",this.getAge); 
   } 
} 

void main() { 
   Employee emp = new Employee(); 
   emp.empID = 101; 
   emp.birthYear = 1980; 
   emp.birthDay = 10; 
   emp.birthMonth = 10; 
   emp.name = "Emp1"; 
   emp.print(); 
}

D Abstract Class

d 

import std.stdio;
import std.string;
import std.datetime;

abstract class Person {
   int birthYear, birthDay, birthMonth; 
   string name; 
   
   int getAge() {
      SysTime sysTime = Clock.currTime(); 
      return sysTime.year - birthYear;
   }
}

class Employee : Person {
   int empID;
}

void main() {
   Employee emp = new Employee(); 
   emp.empID = 101; 
   emp.birthYear = 1980; 
   emp.birthDay = 10; 
   emp.birthMonth = 10; 
   emp.name = "Emp1"; 
   
   writeln(emp.name); 
   writeln(emp.getAge); 
}

D Interface with Final and Static Functions

d 

import std.stdio;

// Base class
interface Shape {
   public:
      void setWidth(int w);
      void setHeight(int h);
      
      static void myfunction1() {
         writeln("This is a static method");
      }
      final void myfunction2() {
         writeln("This is a final method");
      }
}

// Derived class
class Rectangle: Shape {
   int width;
   int height; 
   
   public:
      void setWidth(int w) {
         width = w;
      }
      void setHeight(int h) {
         height = h;
      }
      int getArea() {
         return (width * height);
      }
}

void main() {
   Rectangle rect = new Rectangle();

   rect.setWidth(5);
   rect.setHeight(7);
   
   // Print the area of the object.
   writeln("Total area: ", rect.getArea());
   rect.myfunction1();
   rect.myfunction2();
}

D Interface

d 

import std.stdio;

// Base class
interface Shape {
   public: 
      void setWidth(int w);
      void setHeight(int h);
}

// Derived class
class Rectangle: Shape {
   int width;
   int height;
   
   public:
      void setWidth(int w) {
         width = w;
      }
      void setHeight(int h) {
         height = h; 
      }
      int getArea() {
         return (width * height);
      }
}

void main() {
   Rectangle Rect = new Rectangle();
   Rect.setWidth(5);
   Rect.setHeight(7);

   // Print the area of the object.
   writeln("Total area: ", Rect.getArea());
}

D Data Encapsulation

d 

import std.stdio;
  
class Adder { 
   public: 
      // constructor 
      this(int i = 0) { 
         total = i; 
      } 
      
      // interface to outside world 
      void addNum(int number) { 
         total += number; 
      } 
      
      // interface to outside world 
      int getTotal() { 
         return total; 
      }; 
   
   private: 
      // hidden data from outside world 
      int total; 
}
 
void main( ) { 
   Adder a = new Adder(); 
   
   a.addNum(10); 
   a.addNum(20); 
   a.addNum(30);  
   writeln("Total ",a.getTotal()); 
}

D Comparison Operators Overloading

d 

import std.random; 
import std.stdio; 
import std.string; 
 
struct Box { 
   int volume;  
   int opCmp(const ref Box box) const { 
      return (volume == box.volume ? box.volume - volume: volume - box.volume); 
   }
   
   string toString() const { 
      return format("Volume:%s\n", volume); 
   } 
} 

void main() { 
   Box[] boxes; 
   int j = 10; 
   
   foreach (i; 0 .. 10) { 
      boxes ~= Box(j*j*j); 
      j = j-1; 
   } 
   
   writeln("Unsorted Array"); 
   writeln(boxes);  
   boxes.sort; 
   writeln("Sorted Array"); 
   writeln(boxes); 
   writeln(boxes[0]<boxes[1]); 
   writeln(boxes[0]>boxes[1]); 
   writeln(boxes[0]<=boxes[1]); 
   writeln(boxes[0]>=boxes[1]); 
}

D Binary Operators Overloading

d 

import std.stdio;

class Box { 
   public:  
      double getVolume() { 
         return length * breadth * height; 
      } 
      
      void setLength( double len ) { 
         length = len; 
      }

      void setBreadth( double bre ) { 
         breadth = bre; 
      }
      
      void setHeight( double hei ) { 
         height = hei; 
      } 
      
      Box opBinary(string op)(Box b) { 
         if(op == "+") { 
            Box box = new Box(); 
            box.length = this.length + b.length; 
            box.breadth = this.breadth + b.breadth; 
            box.height = this.height + b.height; 
            return box; 
         } 
      } 
   private: 
      double length;      // Length of a box 
      double breadth;     // Breadth of a box 
      double height;      // Height of a box 
}; 

// Main function for the program 
void main( ) { 
   Box box1 = new Box();    // Declare Box1 of type Box 
   Box box2 = new Box();    // Declare Box2 of type Box 
   Box box3 = new Box();    // Declare Box3 of type Box 
   double volume = 0.0;     // Store the volume of a box here 
   
   // box 1 specification 
   box1.setLength(6.0); 
   box1.setBreadth(7.0); 
   box1.setHeight(5.0);
   
   // box 2 specification 
   box2.setLength(12.0); 
   box2.setBreadth(13.0); 
   box2.setHeight(10.0);
   
   // volume of box 1 
   volume = box1.getVolume(); 
   writeln("Volume of Box1 : ", volume);
   
   // volume of box 2 
   volume = box2.getVolume(); 
   writeln("Volume of Box2 : ", volume);
   
   // Add two object as follows: 
   box3 = box1 + box2;
   
   // volume of box 3 
   volume = box3.getVolume(); 
   writeln("Volume of Box3 : ", volume); 
}

D Unary Operators Overloading

d 

import std.stdio;

class Box { 
   public:  
      double getVolume() { 
         return length * breadth * height; 
      }
      
      void setLength( double len ) { 
         length = len; 
      }

      void setBreadth( double bre ) { 
         breadth = bre; 
      }

      void setHeight( double hei ) { 
         height = hei; 
      }

      Box opUnary(string op)() { 
         if(op == "++") { 
            Box box = new Box(); 
            box.length = this.length + 1; 
            box.breadth = this.breadth + 1 ; 
            box.height = this.height + 1; 
            return box; 
         }
      }

   private: 
      double length;      // Length of a box 
      double breadth;     // Breadth of a box 
      double height;      // Height of a box 
}; 

// Main function for the program 
void main( ) { 
   Box Box1 = new Box();    // Declare Box1 of type Box 
   Box Box2 = new Box();    // Declare Box2 of type Box 
   double volume = 0.0;     // Store the volume of a box here 
   
   // box 1 specification 
   Box1.setLength(6.0); 
   Box1.setBreadth(7.0); 
   Box1.setHeight(5.0);
   
   // volume of box 1 
   volume = Box1.getVolume(); 
   writeln("Volume of Box1 : ", volume); 
   
   // Add two object as follows: 
   Box2 = ++Box1;
   
   // volume of box2 
   volume = Box2.getVolume(); 
   writeln("Volume of Box2 : ", volume);  
}

D Operator Overloading

d 

import std.stdio;

class Box { 
   public:  
      double getVolume() { 
         return length * breadth * height; 
      }

      void setLength( double len ) { 
         length = len; 
      } 

      void setBreadth( double bre ) { 
         breadth = bre; 
      }

      void setHeight( double hei ) { 
         height = hei; 
      }

      Box opAdd(Box b) { 
         Box box = new Box(); 
         box.length = this.length + b.length; 
         box.breadth = this.breadth + b.breadth; 
         box.height = this.height + b.height; 
         return box; 
      } 

   private: 
      double length;      // Length of a box 
      double breadth;     // Breadth of a box 
      double height;      // Height of a box 
}; 

// Main function for the program 
void main( ) { 
   Box box1 = new Box();    // Declare box1 of type Box 
   Box box2 = new Box();    // Declare box2 of type Box 
   Box box3 = new Box();    // Declare box3 of type Box 
   double volume = 0.0;     // Store the volume of a box here
   
   // box 1 specification 
   box1.setLength(6.0); 
   box1.setBreadth(7.0); 
   box1.setHeight(5.0);
   
   // box 2 specification 
   box2.setLength(12.0); 
   box2.setBreadth(13.0); 
   box2.setHeight(10.0); 
   
   // volume of box 1 
   volume = box1.getVolume(); 
   writeln("Volume of Box1 : ", volume);
   
   // volume of box 2 
   volume = box2.getVolume(); 
   writeln("Volume of Box2 : ", volume); 
   
   // Add two object as follows: 
   box3 = box1 + box2; 
   
   // volume of box 3 
   volume = box3.getVolume(); 
   writeln("Volume of Box3 : ", volume);  
}

D Function Overloading

d 

import std.stdio; 
import std.string; 

class printData { 
   public: 
      void print(int i) { 
         writeln("Printing int: ",i); 
      }

      void print(double f) { 
         writeln("Printing float: ",f );
      }

      void print(string s) { 
         writeln("Printing string: ",s); 
      } 
}; 
 
void main() { 
   printData pd = new printData();  
   
   // Call print to print integer 
   pd.print(5);
   
   // Call print to print float 
   pd.print(500.263); 
   
   // Call print to print character 
   pd.print("Hello D"); 
}

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